Taoism, Benevolence and Compassion

The foundational work of Taoism is the Tao Te Ching, a sacred text composed sometime during the 4th century BCE. The work is traditionally attributed to Laozi (“Old Master”), although no biographical information relating to the author has survived. Influenced by Confucianism and other ancient Chinese philosophical schools, Taoism later helped shape the development of Zen Buddhism.

Because it encourages self-care rather than charitable acts, Taoist doctrine offers no specific guidance related to giving. Adherents turn inward in their efforts to follow the Tao, remaining largely detached from the outside world. Indeed, Taoism discourages individuals from taking any form of direct action; since an individual has no control over external circumstances, intervening in outside events will likely make a situation worse.

Still, a spirit of generosity underlies this individualist ethos, one embodied in the three core principles, or “treasures,” of Taoism. The first treasure, Ci, refers to kindness, or love. The compassion inherent in Ci has an unconditional, maternal aspect, lending it unique authority and strength. To express Ci toward another person is to act without the expectation of reciprocity, imbuing the gesture with a sense of selflessness and abundance.

The second principle, Jian, suggests both simplicity and frugality. Through the observance of Jian, an individual lives unobtrusively in the world, minimizing their impact on the environment while leaving ample resources for others. The third Taoist principle, Bu gan wei tianxia xian, which roughly means “not to lead,” renounces competition over material gain or individual status, in favor of a holistic view of society. 

By honoring these three treasures, Taoism creates space for positive change in the world. Instead of imposing moral standards onto others, a follower of Tao models ethical behavior. According to the Tao Te Ching, the cultivation of virtue begins with oneself, then gradually emanates out into wider circles of engagement with family, the community and society. By striving to become a good person, an individual encourages goodness more generally. 

Although Taoism eschews direct engagement with worldly affairs, it has the potential to reshape society through its core practices. Followers of the Tao bring to the world a spirit of benevolence that can, in turn, inspire compassion in others. With its ideals of harmony, equality and solidarity, Taoism suggests a new conception of generosity based on a radical reimagining of how human beings relate to one another.

Contributors: Maha Tazi, Stephen Meyer